Medicine and Law Essay

On February 11, 2003, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals decided that the State of Arkansas could drive death row detainee Charles Laverne Singleton to take antipsychotic medications to make him sufficiently rational to execute. Singleton was to be executed for lawful offense capital homicide however got crazy while in jail. â€Å"Medicine should recuperate individuals, not set them up for execution; a law that requests that specialists make individuals well with the goal that the legislature can murder them is a silly law,† said David Kaczynski, the official chief of New Yorkers Against the Death Penalty. There are numerous contentions in this entry. The main contention is this entry is â€Å"medicine should recuperate individuals, not set them up for execution†. The reason is â€Å"medicine should recuperate individuals, not set them up for execution† and the end is â€Å"medicine shouldn’t murder people†. The second contention in this entry is à ¢â‚¬Å"a law that requests that specialists make individuals well with the goal that the legislature can kill them in a ridiculous law†. The reason is â€Å"a law that requests that specialists make individuals well to execute them† and the end is â€Å"the law is absurd†. This section delineates numerous issues happening in America today. Despite the fact that, the detainee Charles Laverne Singleton was sentenced to capital punishment, utilizing specialists and medication to execute him isn't right. Medication was made to recuperate individuals from infection and forestall sickness. Specialists became doctors to help individuals, spare lives, and instruct people to build their personal satisfaction. At the point when specialists moved on from clinical school they made a vow to help spare lives. Taking part in an execution conflicts with the laws clinical morals and everything a doctor represents. Contentions for this way may incorporate the measure of cash it tak es to keep the prisoner in prison, deadly infusion is a less savage method of execution, and a specialist is the most qualified individual to give a deadly infusion. In spite of the fact that, keeping convicts in prison costs a great deal of duty payers’ dollars, there are different approaches to execute the people waiting for capital punishment. The deadly infusion may be less rough be that as it may; it doesn’t make it the perfect technique to execute. Specialists are the most qualified to give a deadly infusion yet there are not the most qualified to kill. The choice likewise sets jail specialists in a place that challenges morals. Specialists need to ask themselves: Is it better to give care to death row detainees patients, since everybody merits capable consideration and assurance from pointless misery? Does it debase the healingâ profession to utilize one’s clinical aptitudes to set up an individual for execution? The administration needs to slaughter the people waiting for capital punishment yet they don’t need to do it without anyone's help. Requesting that a specialist grimy their hands brings about the administration keeping their hands clean. More examination must be done to discover new strategies to execute these death row convicts. Medication and specialists ought not be the way to murder anybody. The Code of Ethics expresses that a doctor ought to never be â€Å"compelled to take an interest during the time spent setting up a prisoner’s capability or be engaged with treatment of an uncouth, censured detainee if such action is in opposition to the physician’s individual beliefs† [9]. On February 11, 2003, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals decided that the State of Arkansas could constrain death row detainee Charles Laverne Singleton to take antipsychotic medications to make him sufficiently rational to execute. Singleton was to be executed for crime capital homicide yet got crazy while in jail. â€Å"Medicine should recuperate individuals, not set them up for execution; a law that requests that specialists make individuals well so the administration can murder them is a ludicrous law,† said David Kaczynski, the official chief of New Yorkers Against the Death Penalty. There are numerous contentions in this section. The main contention is this section is â€Å"medicine should recuperate individuals, not set them up for execution†. The reason is â€Å"medicine should recuperate individuals, not set them up for execution† and the end is â€Å"medicine shouldn’t murder people†. The second contention in this section is â€Å"a law that requests that specialists make individuals well with the goal that the legislature can kill them in a preposterous law†. The reason is â€Å"a law that requests that specialists make individuals well to slaughter them† and the end is â€Å"the law is absurd†. This entry portrays numerous issues happening in America today. In spite of the fact that, the detainee Charles Laverne Singleton was indicted to capital punishment, utilizing specialists and medication to execute him isn't right. Medication was made to recuperate individuals from sickness and forestall ailment. Specialists became doctors to help individuals, spare lives, and instruct people to expand their personal satisfaction. At the point when specialists moved on from clinical school they made a vow to help spare lives. Taking an interest in an execution conflicts with the laws clinical morals and everything a doctor represents. Contentions for this way may includeâ the measure of cash it takes to keep the prisoner in prison, deadly infusion is a less fierce method of execution, and a specialist is the most qualified individual to give a deadly infusion. In spite of the fact that, keeping convicts in prison costs a great deal of expense payers’ dollars, there are different approaches to execute the people waiting for capital punishment. The deadly infusion may be less vicious notwithstanding; it doesn’t make it the perfect technique to execute. Specialists are the most qualified to give a deadly infusion yet there are not the most qualified to kill. The choice additionally sets jail specialists in a place that challenges morals. Specialists need to ask themselves: Is it better to give care to death row prisoners patients, since everybody merits skillful consideration and insurance from superfluous affliction? Does it corrupt the mending calling to utilize one’s clinical aptitudes to set up an individual for execution? The administration needs to execute the people waiting for capital punishment however they don’t need to do it without anyone else's help. Requesting that a specialist filthy their hands brings about the administration keeping their hands clean. More examination must be done to discover new strategies to execute these death row convicts. Medication and specialists ought not be the way to execute anybody. The Code of Ethics expresses that a doctor ought to never be â€Å"compelled to take part during the time spent setting up a prisoner’s capability or be associated with treatment of an awkward, denounced detainee if such movement is in opposition to the physician’s individual beliefs† [9].

Thomas Jefferson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Thomas Jefferson - Essay Example Truth be told, the equivalent recorded figure who wrote the words â€Å"all men were made equal† possessed 200 slaves and all the more significantly disregarded his republican political way of thinking during his administration. There have been shifted sees on the subject of the logical inconsistencies found in the best of the American Fathers. In any case, one most defended position to hold is see Jefferson taking a section in the American attribute of being in strife as opposed to seeing him as a checked repudiating figure. Such a position is incompletely based on the opposing perspectives and ends on the logical inconsistency of Jefferson, the one time political monster of our Nation and somewhat on the consciousness of American characteristic of contentions. In this manner, it is of relevant incentive to understand the translations of the students of history who think about Jefferson as an individual of logical inconsistencies. As indicated by Christopher Hitchens who composes of how students of history see Jefferson, â€Å"it would be apathetic or evident to state that he contained logical inconsistencies or conundrums. This is valid for everyone, and of everything. It would be boundlessly all the more astonishing to strike upon a notable figure, or to be sure a country, that was not dependent upon this law. Jefferson didn't typify logical inconsistency. Jefferson was an inconsistency, and this will be found at each progression of the account that goes to make up his life. (Hitchens, 2008). It has ever been commented that Jefferson was in two personalities about subjection all through his profession which can be viewed as proof for his contentions. From one viewpoint, as a youthful government official, he held his perspectives for the forbiddance of subjection in new American domains and, on the other, he never liberated his own slaves which made him a logical inconsistency in himself. The critical inquiry ever have been â€Å"How could a man answerable for composing the sacrosanct words We hold these facts to act naturally clear, that all men are made equivalent have been a slave proprietor? He never settled his inner

Medical Persuasive Essay Topics

Medical Persuasive Essay TopicsMedical persuasive essay topics are among the most important when it comes to writing an essay for a medical career. The topics to be used in such an essay should discuss the real life experiences of a medical professional in writing about the real world that he has been facing.Essay writers can opt to choose from different essay topics to create a comprehensive essay on their topic. Some may have in mind to create essays with keywords and short sentences while others may want to use specific types of research as references or keywords. For those who prefer shorter articles, topics about childbirth, child and adolescent development, motherhood, and pregnancy are among the most popular.An article that talks about these subjects may perhaps grab the attention of a reader who is trying to find out more about the medical profession. Another good option is to write an essay on personal experience. While writing about personal experience, a medical profession al will have to deal with a lot of issues such as fear, health, health care facilities, medications, and procedures that may even go into dangerous.When writing a medical persuasive essay topic that talks about health care facilities, writing would be essential. This is because what the topic would contain should include the type of facility, as well as how it functions. There may be certain areas of a medical facility that might not function very well especially to a physician. An essay that discusses such a topic should be written about the whole facility rather than just focusing on one.When choosing topics that deal with health care facility, a doctor would need to consider which patients he would be talking about. A patient could be his best client if the topic focuses on his own family. Such an essay could also be written by the father of a patient who has successfully recovered from a serious illness.Personal experiences that show how the medical profession may affect the lif e of a patient would also be a good topic to be used in an essay. For instance, a well-adjusted young person who has undergone chemotherapy will be able to relate to the topic. He may be able to relate to the feeling of being under the effects of chemo.In addition, a medical professional who works in a health care facility will be able to relate to the topic and also experience some of the conditions experienced by the patient. This is to say that people can relate to and relate with such a subject that is written. A general health care facility would be able to relate to a discussion about the fear of influenza or even be able to relate to a discussion on the fear of a condition that is more serious such as cancer.The most common methods used in creating medical, persuasive essay topics are to use specific research sources, research related to health care facilities, and to read the articles and compare it to the topic that is being discussed. The three things mentioned above are a mong the simplest ways to develop the topics to be used in an essay.

criminal justice internship Essay - 1122 Words

Dallas County Adult Probation nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Denise Catherine Tobias 133 North Industrial Blvdnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Dr. Barrum Dallas, TX 75207 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;REPORT #7nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Evaluation and Consolidation of Goals nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Your final report should be a complete report of your internship experiences under the title â€Å"How I†¦show more content†¦Criminology itself is the systematic study of the nature, extent, etiology and control of lawbreaking behavior. The core components revealed in this course are definitions of crime in nature as harm causing behavior, the descriptions and classifications of criminals, the analysis of crime, profiles of everyday victims and offenses, and the origin of crime. The field of probation relies heavily on these components in order to understand and properly categorize offenders, stay aware of offender’s mental and emotional status, and attempt to predict the future of criminal offenders. The various theories presented in Criminology 262 help shape the Dallas County Adult Probation Department and serve as model types used to minimize the risks associated with sentencing alternatives. The agency assesses the same theoretical categories provided by Criminology 262 such as sociological, biological, and psychological explanations of crime in an attempt to better deal with offenders. The internship experience has supported the previous notion installed through Criminology 262 that one single theory cannot explain crime. The combination of each theory and perspective enabled an opinion of individuality to form. In opposition to the core components embedded in the course, the personally constructed opinion that criminal offenders cannot be categorized and must exist on individual levels was formed from the internship experience. The Dallas County Adult ProbationShow MoreRelatedEssay about Criminal Justice Internship1129 Words   |  5 PagesGoals Your final report should be a complete report of your internship experiences under the title How I Evaluate Myself as a Future Criminal Justice Worker, and may not exceed five typed pages. Describe the extent to which the theoretical knowledge included your course work at the College of Criminal Justice at Sam Houston State University contributed to your field practice experience during your internship. 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My internship with the Child Abuse Programs was such an eye opening experience. I not only got to learn about my field of study, but this internship has also aloud me to discover a lot about myself as a person as well. When I walked into the Yale building on my first day as an intern, I didRead MoreAn Internship Is Tremendously Beneficial To Applying The1592 Words   |  7 PagesAn internship is tremendously beneficial to applying the acquired classroom knowledge to the professional learning experience. During a student’s junior or senior year in undergradua te studies of criminal justice at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, one can pursue an internship within the field. The criminal justice profession contains several career options including law enforcement, corrections, forensic science, homeland security, private security, academia, and legal services. The subfieldRead MoreMy Internship Pursuit Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesInitially when I was looking for an internship, my goal was to find one that complemented my double major in criminology criminal justice and psychology. During my search, I found some reputable organizations, but quickly discovered that they either required an extended training/orientation period or were not compatible with my schedule. Thus in finding the Urban Education Leaders Internship Program (UELIP) of the District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS), which primarily focuses on an interestRead MoreExpository Essay : The Criminal Justice Department1081 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 101-I November 18 2015 Expository essay on college major Introduction The Criminal Justice Department provides educational opportunities to help gain skills and knowledge in the areas of criminal delinquent process, criminology, and corrections while evaluating moral and ethical issue of public servants. As a student at Chowan University my career path is law enforcement. I stride to obtain a Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Track, B.S degree, obtaining this degree will prepare me for myRead MorePsychology : The Psychology Of Psychology877 Words   |  4 PagesPsychological Association, 2015). The cases they work on range from child abuse cases to the sanity of a defendant. Forensic psychologists â€Å"conduct research on the interface of law and psychology†, this being why it interests me since I am a criminal justice and psychology major (Myers DeWall, 2014, p. C-3). The idea of being a part of legal issues such as being a part of the deliberation by the jury or taking place in the consultation is something I would enjoy doing. The reaso n I like both clinicalRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of The Criminal Justice System1735 Words   |  7 Pageshave to be pushed. The vision pulls you.† Criminal Justice Administration is all about the organizational structure of any corporation or organization in the criminal justice system. As a student at Campbell University it is required to hold an internship the summer before your senior year in the criminal justice program. Wunsch Law Firm has always allowed Campbell undergrads and law school students to hold internships within their firm. Throughout my internship experience, at Wunsch Law Firm, I keptRead MoreThe University Of Southern Mississippi848 Words   |  4 Pagesapplication for the doctoral program in criminal justice starting the fall semester of 2016. The University of Southern Mississippi is my ideal location for the achievement of a doctoral degree. I would like to demonstrate my knowledge, experience, and research ability in the field of criminal jus tice and correctional studies. Having majored in the discipline as a former graduate student, I want to further my education to assist and promote future changes in criminal justice and correctional policy. I amRead MoreMy Passion For Law Enforcement Essay1915 Words   |  8 Pagesmoment because I’ll be active and meeting different kind of people. This explains why I chose to major in Criminal Justice at the University of Hartford. Educational influences and courses in college Throughout my three years at the University of Hartford, I have been taking classes towards my bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice, such as Law and the Justice System, Introduction to Criminal Justice, Methods of Social Research, Deviance, Criminology, International Organized Crime, Women in Crime, Juvenile

Exchange Risks Trough Different Instruments Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2036 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Foreign Currency Risk is very important source of managing risk for the banking industry and different research have been done in different parts of the world in that topic. (Papaioannou M. G., 2006). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exchange Risks Trough Different Instruments Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Foreign currency exposure and risk management is very important for the firm to avoid any liability from exchange rates instability which can affect the profits and assets values in a negative way. Also different way and strategies for managing foreign currency risk were analysed along with advantage and disadvantages of each strategy and technique. Additionally, best practice widely spread was outlined along with data on financial derivatives and hedging practice by US Firms. A study that is said to USA forty eight largest business banks (Choi, Elyasiani, amp; Kopecky, amp; Kopecky, 1992) for the amount 1975-1987 showed that effects of charge per unit rely on cyber web position of the bank in foreign currencies. in step with them, once banks had positive internet position, depreciation of foreign currencies negatively affected the stock costs of banks before year 1979 and when 1979 banks stock returns responded completely with the depreciation of foreign currencies as banks had modified from positive to negative internet open positions. during a similar study on Canadian banks (Atindehou amp; Gueyie, 2001), its observed for the Canadian Banks that stock costs responded completely with depreciation of foreign currencies. Selecting the appropriate hedging strategy is usually a troublesome task because of the difficulties concerned in mensuration exactly current risk exposure and selecting the appropriate degree of risk exposure that got to be secure. the ne cessity for interchange risk management began to arise when the autumn of the Bretton Woods system and at the top of us greenback peg to gold in 1973 (Papaioannou M. , 2001) the problem of interchange risk management for corporations in non-financial sector is freelance type their principal business and is typically severally handled with by their company treasuries. In most of the corporations there square measure freelance committees WHO operate to manage the treasurys strategy in managing the interchange risk (and rate risk) (Lam, 2003). It clearly shows the importance of the very fact that corporations provide a vital attention to risk management problems and techniques. Contrariwise, international investors sometimes use their underlying assets and liabilities to manage interchange risk. Since the currency exposure of international capitalist is majorly associated with translation risks on assets and liabilities command in foreign currencies, they have an inclination to think a bout foreign currencies as a separate quality category, all break free different assets, requiring a currency overlay mandate (Allen, 2003). Functions of Foreign Exchange Market The foreign exchange market is a market where foreign exchange transactions take place. In other words, it is market in which national currencies are bought and sold against one another. The main functions of foreign Exchange Market:- Transfer of purchasing Power: Foreign exchange market is the primary role to transfer of buying power from one country to another and from one currency to another. The international clearing function performed by foreign exchange markets plays a very significant role in facilitating capital drives and international trade. Provision of credit: this provision of credit function performed by foreign exchange markets also shows a very important role in the growth of foreign trade and international trade depends to a great extent on credit facilities. Exporters may get pre-shipment and post-shipment credit. Credit facilities are available also for importers. The Eurodollar market has emerged as a major international credit market. Provision of Hedging Facilities: The other important function of the foreign exchange market is to provide hedging facilities in the hedger. Hedging refers to covering of unexpected risks, and it provides a mechanism to exporters to protect themselves against losses arising from fluctuations in exchange rates coming in the market. Derivative Market Derivative is the form of financial instrument that is represent from some index, other asset, event, value or condition. Derivative traders enter into an agreement to exchange cash or asset over time based on the underlying asset. Derivative market used for two purposes one is hedging and other is speculation and hedger, speculation take the advantage from the derivative market. Hedging is where a financial risk is eliminated or reduced by passing the risk on to someone else and this is the activity that is usually used by corporate treasurers in managing their IRR. Hedging is a safety net an insurance policy against any open position of a trader. It is an underlying cover. Consider an investor who converts his $15,000,000 at the cash market (where $1.50 = ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬1) for the British pound, and puts his ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬10,000,000 at the British bank for a year at 9.5 percent to get ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬10,950,000. But when he gets that British amount, if the exchange rate becomes $1 = ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬1, he is turning his $15,000,000 into $10,950,000, which is a total loss of $4,050,000 (27 percent). To prevent such potential economic loss, many financial instruments have been created and are in existence for the investor. If at the time the investor exchanges his $15,000,000 and puts his conv erted amount at the rate $1.72 = ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬1 a year later, he can then turn his ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬10,950,000 into $18,834,000. This is the total gain of $3,834,000 (25.56 percent). Selling the future British amount at the available rate of $1.72 = ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬1 is an example of hedging. (Clark Ghosh, 2004). Speculation is the opposite of hedging; it involves trading in established markets on the basis of informed judgments about how market prices will change. A speculator has the intention of making a profit from favourable exchange rate movements but could lose if exchange rate move the other way. Speculation is a form of short term investment activities. Foreign exchange speculators buy currencies with the intention of re-selling them at a profit in the near future, or sell currencies with the intention of buying them back at a profit. Large returns can be made on a fairly small investment within a short period of time (lane Kent, 2000). There are the two different derivative markets where the different financial instrument buying and selling take place to manage the foreign exchange currencies that is Over-the-counter (OTC) and Exchange-traded-derivatives. Over the counter (OTC) derivatives are contracts takes place when there are two person, without going through any exchange market or any mediator. It means if two party is there, they want buy and sell they can do the trade anywhere in this market. The Products of the ETD market such as forward rate agreements, swaps and exotic options are always traded in this derivative market. The size of the OTC derivative market is bigger market ETD market. This market is highly unstandardized and unregulated. The price of the derivative product is not flash in this market; price of the derivative product depends on negotiation. The OTC market is made for that person who does not want to take a risk or want to earn some profit from the foreign exchange market. This market is private trading so reporting this OTC amounts are difficult. Under this market derivative price wont be visible in the OTC derivative market. The OTC market is the primary platform for the trading of interest rate and fore ign exchange derivatives (Spence, 1999). The most widely traded OTC foreign exchange derivatives are foreign exchange swaps, and lesser extent, currency forwards, while currency swaps and options are rarely traded (Iorgova Ong, 2008). Exchange traded derivatives are characterized by standard contract terms, meaning that all participants trade the same underlying instruments. This helps to generate a greater critical mass of liquidity, leading to tighter bid offer spreads and more cost -effective risk management solutions. The worlds most liquid-listed contracts reference various important financial indicators, such as short-term and long-term interest rates, exchange rates, equity indexes and select commodities. ETD is derivative products in which are traded via specialized derivatives exchanges. This derivative market price is publically visible that is why speculator cannot earn abnormal profit. The example of this market product is future and options on futures contract (Banks, 2004). Dealing on the foreign exchange Market There are some of the important types of transactions which is conducted in the foreign exchange market are given below. Spot and forward Exchanges The term spot exchange refers to the category of exchange dealing which needs the exchange of currencies on the spot or immediate delivery. In practically most of the settlement delivery takes place 2 days in markets. The rate of exchange effective for the spot dealing is thought because the spot rate and also the marketplace for such transactions is known because the spot market. The agreement between two parties is generally called forward transaction. It is requiring the delivery at some specific future date of a specified amount of foreign currency one of the parties and the other party will pay in domestic currency, at the price agreed upon the contract time. The exchange rate which is quoted in forward contract that is called forward exchange rate and the market where the forward contract take place that is called forward market. Forward exchange services, obviously, are of immense help to importers and exporter. They can imitate the risks which are arising out of exchange rate fluctuations by taking into a suitable forward exchange contract. Forward Exchange Rate Forward exchange rate has a relationship with the forward rate; the spot rate might be at premium, discount and par. At Par: if the forward exchange rate price is exactly same to spot rate at the making of the contract that forward exchange rate is called to be a par. At Premium: If the forward rate for the currency is more than spot rate, is said to be the premium. It means this forward exchange contract was issued in premium for example you buy forward exchange contract in 2 dollar but the spot price is 1.5 dollar so 0.5 is the premium. At Discount: When the forward rate for a currency buys less than the spot rate that is called discount with spot rate. The discount is usually expressed in a percentage from the spot rate on a per annual basis. There are the different factor effect the forward exchange rate such as demand and supply for the currency, macroeconomics factor et but mostly demand and supply of the currency effect the price changes in currencies. If the demand is high on that particular date then the forward rate issued in premium, if the demand is low that particular date then issue in discount and if the speculator thinks that there is no changes then they will issue the forward in par. Futures The contract which has standardised features, the contract maturity dates is standardised. This contract can be traded in exchange traded derivatives (ETD) market only. This contract price is publically visible so speculator cannot earn abnormal profit. If you want to do this contract you need to pay deposit some margin amount to the counter. Option The option contract is the form of financial instrument that gives the contract holder right but not full obligation. This contract has certain kind of facility like after the maturity period of time if you want exercise this contract you can. I you dont then you can terminate the contract so in this contract investor has an option where should continue this contract or not. According to their exercise features, there are two kinds of options with different maturity period. One is A European option this can be exercised only after the maturity period and another one is an American option can be take place for trading at any time during the contract.( (Cherunilam, 2011). Swap The meaning of Swap is the form of derivative which shows the facilities to buy the curries and other side you can sell that contract to other person. Commercial banks  who  conduct forward exchange business  might  resort to a swap operation  to regulate  their fund position. The term swap  means that  concurrent  sale of spot currency for the forward purchase of  an equivalent currency or  the purchase  of spot for the forward sale of  an equivalent  currency. The spot is swapped against forward. Operations consisting of a  concurrent  sale or purchase of spot currency  in the middle of  a purchase  or sale, respectively, of  an equivalent  currency for forward delivery,  are  technically  referred to as  swaps or double deals, because the  spot currency is swapped against forward. (Cherunilam, 2011).

The Prevention Of The Measles Crisis - 1262 Words

Not receiving proper vaccination has resulted in 152763 preventable illnesses and 9028 preventable deaths. These illnesses are easily avoidable, and require just getting one simple shot. Similarly, it is possible to prevent these illnesses from spreading with the same preventive action. This essay is aims to discuss and clarify what vaccines are and how they work while providing a background on their effectiveness and presence in various provinces. It will conclude with a case studies on the measles crisis, in order to sophisticatedly analyze how two provinces with contrasting views handled it. To begin, vacations shield the public from particular infections that have the potential to make them exceptionally sick, incapacitated, or even result in death. They help the body s immune system in order to build a stronger defense system. Vaccines help one protect themselves from deadly infections by directly receiving the disease and then forcing the body to naturally build up the necessary a defenses. The following outlines how vaccines work in greater detail: Most vaccines contain a tiny bit of an illness germ that is frail or dead. Vaccines do not contain the kind of germ that makes a person debilitated. This small bit of the germ inside of the body makes your it’s immune system assemble antibodies to battle off this sort of germ. Antibodies trap and eliminate germs that could prompt to illness. The body can make antibodies in two different ways: by getting theShow MoreRelatedPublic Health Issue : Anti Vaccination1357 Words   |  6 Pagesa public health crisis has beg un to arise. Parents are choosing not to vaccinate their children much more often then they have in the past years. According to â€Å"Plunge in Kindergartners Vaccination Rate Worries Health Officials,† an article written in the Los Angeles Times, â€Å"California parents are deciding against vaccinating their kindergarten-age children at twice the rate they did seven years ago, a fact public health experts said is contributing to the reemergence of measles across the stateRead MoreThe Relationship Between Climate Change And The Importance Of Climate Informious Diseases722 Words   |  3 PagesOn average an american will spend 9 years of their life watching television; what if this time could be used in the furtherance of disease prevention. Research shows that there are links between climate change and the spread of infectious diseases, yet current political leaders deny the actual existence of climate change. With this disregard for science, its up to american citizens to understand and acknowledge the effects climate change in regards to infectious diseases themselves. In order toRead MoreNational Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System1737 Words   |  7 Pagesproviders, hospitals, laboratories, and others to increase monitoring, control, and prevention of diseases which allows for collection, analysis, and sharing of data and works to increase awareness of potential outbreaks. By interacting with one another, public health agencies are able to provide up-to-date information for their constituents and can even have preventative measures in place before a health crisis hits. Coordinated health efforts are far more effective than individual states or nationsRead MoreWhat Do You Want About Vaccinations?1337 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The United States is on the verge of a public health crisis,† says Anthony Ciolli, a Juris Doctor (Ciolli). Communicable diseases are spreading quickly, because of lack of vaccinations due to religious and philosophical exemptions. In 2013, one hundred forty-five thousand, seven hundred (145,700) people died globally from measles alone, a preventable disease (â€Å"Measles†). Vaccines are beneficial to everyone, especially those who cannot be vaccinated but still contract the disease. A well-knownRead MoreQuestions On Epidemiology And Biostatistics846 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Relevant Coursework: Community Health Administration of Health Education Programs, Health Service Systems, Disease Prevention and Control, Research Methods, Health Psychology and Human Behavior, Epidemiology, Ethnicity Culture Health, Environmental Health GPA: 3.7 out 4.0 Read More Vaccinations Necessary to the Nation’s Youth Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pages Common vaccines recommended to U.S. children include: (1) DPT vaccine: composed of diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and whole-cell killed pertussis; (2) OPV: the oral polio vaccine; (3) MMR: composed of weakened live measles, mumps, and rubella (also known as German measles) viruses; (4) Hib: haemophilus influenza type B; and (5) hepatitis B: a genetically engineered virus vaccine (Rozario 2). 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Growth in Health Care Free Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: As technologies diffuse, why do some firms adopt them before others? What are the features of healthcare technologies that would make them more likely to be adopted most quickly? Most slowly? Answer: In current era, technology is one of the key ways towards innovation and change implementation. Adoption of new technology has been highlighted by practitioners or researchers as one of the key opportunity provider for business both at organizational and strategic levels. In this context, health care sector is also adopting several health care based technologies for improving the service qualities as well as patient outcomes. However, it has also been reviewed by several studies that there are significant barriers in regards to technology adoption in health care sector. Technology adoption or implementation is not without risks and obstacles.Cost of adopting these innovative technologies is a growing concern in the context of why organizations are struggling with the complexities of technology adoption decisions (Skinner and Staiger 2015). Although, several health care firms are adopting these technological tools for improving their performance efficiency and patient satisfaction, by resolving these barriers. Therefore, this essay will focus upon investigating the factors that are promoting and hindering health care firms to adopt technology aligning with technology diffusion. There are several factors, which are motivating different organizations to adopt technological tools, through technology diffusion. It has been suggested by several literatures that some organization adopts them prior to others, however, there are several factors, which motivates these organizations to adopt these technologies earlier. It is clear that these organizations consist less level of barriers of technology adaptation, which may be faced to higher extent by others organizations. For instance, profit principle is one of the key factors, which promote adoption of technology by some firms. New technology enables firms to earn higher profit than the firms, which have not adopted the technology (Chandra and Skinner 2012). Introduction of new technology would improve the patients outcomes significantly and would satisfy the service users as well as employees. Thus, the organization, focusing more on profit principle would attempt to adapt new technology prior to the other organiza tions, irrespective of the presence or absence of the factors, hindering the technology adaption. However, a comparison between the level of profit gained from the technology and the level of barriers present in the organizational context determines the fate of technology adoption by the organization (Olson et al. 2011). The second reason is information channel. The organization, having a strong and diverse information channels are usually observed to adapt technology faster than others having weak or less diverse information channel. Especially, social media plays a significant role in dispersing knowledge among people throughout a wide range of area. Moreover, various sources of information like social media, colleagues, peers, seniors, relatives or any other people in the community can inform about the pros and cons of adapting a new technology (Gagnon et al. 2012). Therefore, information channels play a significant role in influencing an organization to adopt a new technology in the organizational context. Another reason of adopting new technologies by the organizations faster than other is the economic sustainability. For instance, Lian et al. (2014) argued that adoption of new technologies too some extent contributes to increase organizational cost, small or new organizations, which has small infrastructure and financial back up, would not be able to bear the cost of adopting new technology, whereas a medium or large organization, which has potential financial structure and sustained revenue rate, would be able to bear the additional cost for new technology. Another reason, which can promote a firms technology adoption faster than the others, is the human resource and opportunity to explore resource. Adoption of new technology would lead to an organizational change, which needs to be communicated and supported by the employees and management. Thus, the organization needs to shape their human resource to accept the change positively. The organization having a structured and adaptive human resource, who are communicated well, would be able to adopt the change faster compared to an organization with unstructured human resource (Cresswell and Sheikh 2013). On the other hand, more opportunities present in the organizational context would make the environment favourable for the organization to adopt new technologies, by managing or eliminating the risk factors. Finally, leadership also plays a significant role in influencing the organization towards adopting technology faster than others. For instance, leaders, who follow transformational leadership are able to accept changes more quickly and are able to manage risks associated with the change adoption (Cresswell and Sheikh 2013). On the other hand, leaders following others leadership style may not have such skills to adopt changes accordingly. Although adaptation of health care technologies is quite challenging due to the presence of several barriers, there are several features presented by some of the technologies, which makes them more likely to be adapted by the health care firms (Mair et al. 2012). In the below section, the key characteristics that make a technology more attractive to the organizations are discussed: Cost effective- Cost is the key feature that makes a technology more likely to be adopted by both the firm as well as service users. Cost effective technology helps to manage the additional cost for the technology in the total operational cost by the organizational management. Profitable- A firm will always look for profit, whether the technology adoption will give the organization the opportunity to earn more profit from the profit gained prior the technology adoption or not. Identifies the real problem- Within the recent health care technology trends, it has been revealed that most of the technological tools are unable to hit the real problem, for which the technology has been adopted by the organization (Cresswell and Sheikh 2013). Therefore, it is necessary for the company to understand, whether the technology is potential for identifying the key problem, based on which it would be adopted. User friendly- It is a key feature for the organization. The organization need to adopt such technology that can be easily manageable by the technical staffs as well as general staffs, during emergency. However, more complex technologies are unlikely to be adopted, as it will always need a strong technological staff resource and shortage of technological staff is one of the key issues in health care (Putzer 2012). Easy to carry- technologies, which are portable, are more likely to be adopted by the organizations. For instance, the wireless technology is rapidly being adopted by the health care industry, it is making instruments portable and pocket friendly, which would be helpful to be adopted by the service users. Easy to communicate- It is another major feature that attracts health care facilities to adopt a technology. Integration of a technology and successful implementation of the technology needs the acceptance from the employees, for which the technology related awareness should be communicated within employees. However, communication would require significant knowledge regarding the technology and the more critical the technology communication is, the less that particular technology is being adopted by organizations (Peek et al. 2014). Has commercial potential- Commercial potentialis referred to the opportunity of commercialization of a technology. A new technology needs to thrive in a constantly changing and impulsive business environment in order to reach market. Therefore, a technology, which is able to sustain these kinds of environment, is selected to be adopted by most of the health care organizations faster compared to the other technologies (Dnnebeil et al. 2012). Need less training and education- Health care sector deals with the health and well being related issues of the care users, thus the quality of services needed to be harmless and effective to the service users. However, technologies which are more familiar with the organizational context are more readily accepted by the employees, as they need to adapt less skills and knowledge to use the technology compared to an entirely innovative technology, for which they would need a thorough training procedure (Putzer 2012). SMART- It is the ultimate criteria for any services or goals. It states that the technology, which is adopted by health care organizations readily should be specific for a purpose, should be measurable through health care activity, attainable through suitable service, reliable and time-specific. All of the above mentioned features make a technology more likely to be adopted by the health care organizations. The opposite features discussed above, for instance, high cost, low commercial potential, less user friendly and the implementation of the technology in the health care context, are not readily accepted by employees are the key factors, which hinder the technology adoption (Putzer 2012). A non-user friendly and expensive health care service would not be readily accepted by the health care organization, making the innovative technology adoption slower than other technologies, for gaining a positive fate in the health care organization. There are several factors, which are making the technology diffusion slower in the health care industry. For example, recent reports have reported that some technologies are not addressing the actual problem for which it is being adopted by the organization. For example, new health care technologies, like wristbands, sensors, headsets and smart clothes gains a wide range of data on anything from heart rhythms to blood pressure. However, there is very few evidences about those, wearing these gadgets have overcome abnormal heart rhythms or elevated blood pressures in significantly higher rate compared to those, who do not use it. On the other hand, physician finds it hard to manage all these data provided by these technologies and they presume that these are unlikely to make a significant clinical difference (Lian et al. 2014). There are several applications available in the health care sector, which claims to modify behaviour through alerts, real time feedback and reminders; however, very few of them have shown a proven and measurable success. The second factor that is making the technology diffusion slow in health care sector is very high cost of the technologies. Moreover, there is a discrepancy in the health care sector that no one wants to pay for the adoption of new technology. Patients, health care facilities, physicians, insurance companies want to experience the benefits and value of the new technology. However, every stakeholder believes that others should pay for it. On the other hand, the financial difficulties embedded in the health cares fee-for-service payment model, which indicates that technologies that will reduce patients visit or will cost lower for patients, would show reduced adoption rate by the physicians or health care organizations (Skinner and Staiger 2015). It is because, the payment model ensures financial rewards for doctors and hospitals regarding the service volume and cost they provide, instead of the quality of outcomes they achieve. Another factor that makes health care industry to adopt some significant technologies is that physicians are not always willing to reveal patients all medical information to them. For example, electronic health record is one of the most known health documentation system with proved efficiency. This technology helps to reveal all the health related information of a patient to them. However, many doctors believe that some of the documents needed to be kept out of patients reach, as these may be harmful if read. Sometime, doctors are using these health data on screen to educate patients for improving transparency, improving physician-patient relationship (Chandra and Skinner 2012). Organization or entrepreneurs, addressing these aspects important, are adopting these technologies faster than others. On the other hand, many recent reports are suggesting that for the average physician, it is tougher to enter patients data into an EHR, rather than keeping paper records. It is both time consuming and difficult for the physicians following traditional paper documentation, as it follows structured format and the applications prevents doctor to skip steps or leave out clinical details, which they can do in a paper documentation. Another factor is that, many physician find technology as impersonal (Putzer 2012). For example, with the introduction ofgene sequencingand other related medical information, doctors would not be able to meet unique medical requirements of individual patients without advanced IT systems. By adopting innovative technologies, the operational efficiency as well as the service qualities delivered by the organization is improved. The range of positive impacts of technology adoption include increased improved products and services; markets; reduced costs; substantial productivity gains; increased avenues for communications; innovative ways of doing business; bridging the digital divideand more effective and efficient business processes. Research suggested that health care sector is reluctant to adopt new technologies. The factors making a technology attractive or non-attractive to a health care organization has been demonstrated along with the positive and negative factors affecting the technology diffusion in health care industry. Reference Chandra, A. and Skinner, J., 2012. Technology growth and expenditure growth in health care.Journal of Economic Literature,50(3), pp.645-680. Cresswell, K. and Sheikh, A., 2013. Organizational issues in the implementation and adoption of health information technology innovations: an interpretative review.International journal of medical informatics,82(5), pp.e73-e86. Dnnebeil, S., Sunyaev, A., Blohm, I., Leimeister, J.M. and Krcmar, H., 2012. Determinants of physicians technology acceptance for e-health in ambulatory care.International journal of medical informatics,81(11), pp.746-760. Gagnon, M.P., Desmartis, M., Labrecque, M., Car, J., Pagliari, C., Pluye, P., Frmont, P., Gagnon, J., Tremblay, N. and Lgar, F., 2012. Systematic review of factors influencing the adoption of information and communication technologies by healthcare professionals.Journal of medical systems,36(1), pp.241-277. Lian, J.W., Yen, D.C. and Wang, Y.T., 2014. An exploratory study to understand the critical factors affecting the decision to adopt cloud computing in Taiwan hospital.International Journal of Information Management,34(1), pp.28-36. Mair, F.S., May, C., O'Donnell, C., Finch, T., Sullivan, F. and Murray, E., 2012. Factors that promote or inhibit the implementation of e-health systems: an explanatory systematic review.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,90(5), pp.357-364. Olson, K.E., OBrien, M.A., Rogers, W.A. and Charness, N., 2011. Diffusion of technology: frequency of use for younger and older adults.Ageing international,36(1), pp.123-145. Peek, S.T., Wouters, E.J., van Hoof, J., Luijkx, K.G., Boeije, H.R. and Vrijhoef, H.J., 2014. Factors influencing acceptance of technology for aging in place: a systematic review.International journal of medical informatics,83(4), pp.235-248. Putzer, G.J., 2012. Are physicians likely to adopt emerging mobile technologies? Attitudes and innovation factors affecting smartphone use in the Southeastern United States.Perspectives in health information management, p.1. Skinner, J. and Staiger, D., 2015. Technology diffusion and productivity growth in health care.Review of Economics and Statistics,97(5), pp.951-964.

Solid Waste Management

Introduction Solid waste management has significantly gained attention in the present century. With the impacts of globalization, there is a persistent need for transformative mechanisms of solid waste management. Evidently, most nations continue to experience challenges in solid waste management. Particularly, the developing nations are the highly affected (Singh Ramanathan, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Solid Waste Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from the available waste management technologies, municipalities face various dilemmas. Specifically, this regards the choosing of either private or public system of solid waste management. Based on an article describing solid waste management in Canada, this paper focuses on this topic. The paper researches and examines the issue of privatization in solid waste management in Canada. Argument on Privatization of Solid Waste Management T he article reveals crucial debates on the issue of privatization of solid waste management. Observably, there are present potential arguments on the issue of solid waste management. Generally, the debates are based on public and private management of solid waste (Kumar, 2009). Personally, I encourage the adoption and practice of privatization in solid waste management. This decision is informed by the several advantages of a privatized system of solid waste management. As indicated in the article, privatization of the process leads to the realization of high levels of efficiency. Municipalities are able to integrate of enforce quality management systems due to this approach. Indicatively, the relevant municipality can adopt various transformative measures such as performance contracting. Such initiative would enhance the capacity of private partners to manage and dispose all solid wastes according to the appropriate provisions.  A privatized system of solid waste management enable s full compliance by the organizations to various regulatory frameworks. Apart from this, the system allows an easier and flexible manner of conducting compliance monitoring initiatives (McDavid, 1985). Various municipalities around the globe have failed to manage the solid waste in a proper manner. Therefore, privatization enables such municipalities to act as oversight authorities in the disposal and management of these wastes. The approach also minimizes the public expenditures on solid waste management. Thus, more municipal resources are saved and may be utilized in other development projects. Privatization and Improvement of Service Quality Privatization has a significant impact on service quality. The article clearly presents the outcomes on the service quality recorded from a privatized solid waste management system in Canada. It is simple to regulate and contract private firms (Uriarte, 2008). This process is attainable through provision of realistic and competitive service targets.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These targets must be provided or issued to all private firms involved in the management of solid waste. Through engagement of private partners, the solid waste management process becomes more compliant and simple. The municipality only has to provide competitive measures during bidding and p tendering processes. The existence of several players within the private sector increases the rate of competition. Consequently, this situation also leads to the development of high standards for service delivery.  The municipalities are more inclined to offering tenders in consideration of the capacity of individual firms to provide excellent and high quality service. However, it is imperative to note that privatization of solid waste management do not lead to a reduction of cost (Kumar, 2009). Specifically, this is notable in the various private entities that are involved in waste management. They incur great expenses due to high competition and demand for strategic and more transformative solid waste management programs. The individual solid waste generators also have to pay expensively for the services of private firms. The Community and Management of Solid Waste There are several factors considered by a community in the adoption of a privatized or public system of solid waste management. Poor road networks make the public to advocate for privatization of the solid waste management (Anand, 2010). However, this decision is likely to be revoked whenever the collection costs for solid wastes increases. Therefore, high collection costs charged by the private waste handlers make the community to shift to public waste management strategies. Increased compactness of solid waste increases the likelihood of the community to seek for a privatized system of waste management. Highly compacted solid waste might be difficult t o transport, dispose or manage at household or community levels. Effective transportation is a crucial component of solid waste management. However, most solid wastes might be difficult to transport. This depends on several factors including the nature of waste, availability of adequate and improved road network and other required equipment. Regional proximity determines whether the community would opt for a privatized or public solid waste management practices. Facilities located far away from the residence areas of the community might increase the chances for a privatized waste management strategy (Uriarte, 2008). It is evident that the community plays a fundamental role in the determination and dictation of market options in solid waste management.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Solid Waste Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of their practices do not promote competitive bidding markets. Mo st private organizations involved in the management of solid waste are confronted by serious challenges. Analytically, these challenges emerge from the community factors. References Anand, S. (2010). Solid waste management. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. Singh, J. Ramanathan, A. L. (2010). Solid waste management: Present and future challenges. New Delhi: I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. Kumar, S. (2009). Solid waste management. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. McDavid, J. (1985). The Canadian Experience with Privatizing Residential Solid Waste Collection Services. Public administration review, 602-608. Uriarte, F. A. (2008). Solid waste management: Principles and practices : an introduction to the basic functional elements of solid waste management, with special emphasis on the needs of developing countries. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. This case study on Solid Waste Management was written and submitted by user Sullivan Reed to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gothic Elements in Anne Radcliffes The italian essays

Gothic Elements in Anne Radcliffes The italian essays Anne Radcliffes novel The Italian incorporates many aspects of the Gothic that can be found weaved throughout the text. Radcliffes novel is a combination of an exploration into a striking culture, with looming family secrets, subtle hints of supernatural forces at work and Gothic architecture everywhere. Yet perhaps the most effective use of the Gothic used in Radcliffes novel is her ability to keep her reader in constant suspense. Through the use of foreshadowing, Radcliffe creates a unique chain of events intended to lure the reader deeper into the realm of darkness and the Gothic atmosphere that surrounds characters in The Italian. Numerous Events foreshadowing the scenes taking place occur at the beginning of each chapter. The quotes Radcliffe uses to introduce each chapter of the novel allow the reader an idea of the events to follow throughout the chapter. The first chapter of the novel inspires this design with the quote What is this secret sin; this untold tale. That art cannot extract, nor penance cleanse?-mysterious Mother (Radcliffe, 5). This quote itself foretells that Radcliffes novel holds a secret, perhaps one pertaining to a family name, which has been revealed in confession. This theory is supported in the next pages of the text as the reader finds out that what he is reading is a written account of a confession made at the convent of the Black Penitents. The secret itself is so immense that the guilt cannot even be cleansed by the penance. In Radcliffes novel many, places and characters are veiled throughout the novel. The first description the reader has of this is of a veiled woman: It was in the church of San Lorenzo at Naples, in the year 1758, that Vincentio di Vivaldi first saw Ellena di Rosalba. The sweetness and fine expression of her voice attracted his attention to her figure, which had a distinguished air of deli...

Statistical Tools in Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistical Tools in Research - Essay Example A t-test is a statistical tool that can help evaluate the average results between two independent groups (statsoft.com). In this case, the independent groups are the proposed and reported methods. The means of the two methods were compared to determine the values for the t-test (fao.org). The t-test values with their respective n degrees of freedom were determined using the Student’s t-test table, and the researchers were able to provide evidence that the proposed and reported methods are similar. The F-test is a ratio of the variances and measures the similarity of the results obtained using two different methods (fao.org). Given the F-value for then degrees of freedom, the authors were able to establish that their proposed method is similar to the reported method. The accuracy of the method, expressed as % Recovery, was also measured. The recovery, in terms of percentage, is a ratio of the actual result and the theoretical value in the study (Narayana and Sunil, 207 – 208). The study conducted by Ward et al. (696-698) also used the mean and SD to compare the pancreatic cancer cases brought about by nitrates and those of the control population. The researchers used the odds ratio and % confidence interval to quantify their observations. However, in the calculation of the odds ratio, adjustments had to be made to account for age, gender and smoking habits of the participants. The odds ratio is a ratio of the probability of a particular event or disease to occur with its probability of not occurring (Goldin, stats.org). The values obtained will have a maximum value of 1, which implies a 50:50 chance of occurring and not occurring. The mean and standard deviation of results do not only provide the spread of the data in the population but can also be used to compare two different methods and arrive at associations between a disease and  its possible causes. Narayana and Sunil were able to optimize the use of statistics in the study that they conducted, with the use of the t-test and F-test.  

Critical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Critical analysis - Essay Example and the overall effectiveness for how they were employed to capture and engage the attention of the reader, promote the structural integrity of the piece, and define the relevant actors and factors in question. Firstly, the speaker of the story is defined near the introduction; something that is useful in engaging the reader’s interest and providing a non-uniform approach to story-telling that encourages the reader to read on as a means of finding out such relevant information. Additionally, whereas many writers stray from a first person narrative and forget that they started down a path that they must adhere to, the speaker of this particular story keeps this first person narrative voice throughout the entirety of the piece; another element of strength that allows for the reader not to suffer from speaker whiplash. Yet, with respect to the metric of occasion, this is where the story falls short. Although it is clear and apparent, after reading the story, that the author has sought to engage the reader with many different anecdotes, compiled within a short story, the underlying occasion and purpose that the story is able to exhibit is unclear. The reader is left to determine whether racial profiling, life as a conservative member of Islamic society, in-flight turbulence, work related moves, or the father’s beauty is the core and underlining purpose and occasion for this story to be written. This oversight significantly takes away from the rhetorical appreciation that the reader might otherwise attempt to gain from this story. The underlying reason for this has to do with the fact that without a central and cohesive plot that seeks to relate to the title of the story, the reader is left to flounder about within a stream of recollection style of writing in which seemingly disconnected plot lines are related as a means of filling space. Perhaps the strength of the entire piece could be maximized if the writer instead chose to focus the paper on the trip

Berkshire Hathaway Phenomenon In the Context of Modern Finance Theory Essay Example for Free

Berkshire Hathaway Phenomenon In the Context of Modern Finance Theory Essay Berkshire Hathaway Phenomenon In the Context of Modern Finance Theory Septtember 2013 Berkshire Hathaway Phenomenon In the Context of Modern Finance Theory Introduction Over the 46 years ending December 2012, Warren Buffett (Berkshire Hathaway) has achieved a compound, after-tax, rate of return in excess of 20% p.a. Such consistent, long term, out performance might be viewed as incompatible with modern finance theory. This essay discusses the Berkshire Hathaway phenomenon in the context of modern finance theory. Part 1 Modern Portfolio Theory Berkshire Hathaway’s investing strategies mainly differ with modern portfolio theory on two aspects. The first one is the attitude towards the undesirable thing in investment. And the second one is the perspective of diversification. As Harry Markowitz pointed out in Portfolio Selection, one of the assumptions is (Markowitz, 1952)â€Å"the investor does (or should) consider expected return as a desirable thing and variance of return an undesirable thing†. However, in Warren Buffet’s point of view, (Roberg G, 2005) the only undesirable thing should be the possibility of harm. He emphasizes on conducting fundamental analysis to work out a company’s future profits, so as to determine the intrinsic value instead of monitoring the stock prices. This is because in the long term, the investment outcome is mainly harmed by misjudging the business value, including misjudging of inflation rate and  interest rate etc. As such, risk is defined differently between Mr Buffett and Modern Portfolio Theory; one is defined by possibility of misjudging the  intrinsic value of business, the other being simplified to variance of expected returns. If we consider risk as a probability statement, then maybe Mr B uffett’s definition is closer to the original meaning. Also, the assumption of maximising one-period expected utility is not what Buffet focuses on in his investment strategies. (Roberg G, 2005)In this case, Justin Industries, which was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway in 2000, can serve as a good example. During the five years prior to the acquisition, stock price of Justin Industries dropped by 37 percent, which should result in a huge variance of expected return. But Mr Buffett saw it as a perfect opportunity to purchase a well-managed traditional business with over 100 years of history. He offered a 23 percent premium over stock price at the time, and the stock price shot up by 22% on the day of announcement. It is also stated by Markowitz that, (Markowitz, 1952)â€Å"a rule of behaviour which does not imply the superiority of diversification must be rejected both as a hypothesis and as a maxim†. On the contrary, Mr Buffett has his famous quote, (Roberg G, 2005)â€Å"diversification serves as a protection against ignorance. If you want to make sure that nothing bad happens to you relative to the market, you should own everything. There is nothing wrong with that. Its a perfectly sound approach for somebody who doesnt know how to analyse business†. One can always argue that Berkshire Hathaway does not operate in only one industry, and they tend to invest in more industries in recent years. But as the business grows in volume, it is reasonable to be involved in new industries when there are few sound investment opportunities in the industries they already operate in, let alone that the technology industry was rarely in the list of holdings of Berkshire Hathaway, not even when Apple’s stock was soaring. The reason being, (Roberg G, 2005)â€Å"investment success is not about how much you know but how realistically you define what you dont know†. Chart 1 (Martin Puthenpurackal, 2007) Distribution of Berkshire Hathaway Investments by Industry The chart above shows distribution of Berkshire Hathaway’s investments by industry and firm size during the time frame 1976-2006. Judging by the size and number of investments, it can be concluded that a large amount of wealth was placed in manufacturing industry during the 30 years in study, although for diversification purpose, more weight could have been placed in the industry of agriculture, forestry and fishing, construction or retail trade. Having compared the differences, it is still worth noting that Markowitz did not rule out fundamental analysis in portfolio selection process, as is said in his foregoing paper,(Markowitz, 1952)â€Å"the process of selecting a portfolio may be divided into two stages. The first stage starts with observation and experience and ends with beliefs about the future performances of available securities. The second stage starts with relevant beliefs about future performances and ends with the choice of portfolio. This paper is concerned with the second stage†. Part 2 Efficient Market Hypothesis The strong form of efficient market hypothesis states that all information, no matter public or private, instantaneously affects current stock price. Semi-strong form is only concerned with public information, while the weak form suggests that current stock price reflects information in the previous prices. In short, they simply imply that in the long run, no one should be able to beat the market in terms of investment return. As is said in Fama’s paper in 1970, (Eugene F, 1970)â€Å"the evidence in support of the efficient markets model is extensive, and (somewhat uniquely in economics) contradictory evidence is sparse†. However, Warren Buffet has always criticised efficient market hypothesis as much as he could. The major  reason is that, as a fundamental analysis advocate, (Roberg G, 2005)he thinks analysing all available information make an analyst at advantage. He once said, (Banchuenvijit, 2006)†investing in a market where people believe in efficiency is like playing bridge with someone who has been told it does not do any good to look at the cards.† Also in his speech at Columbia University in 1984, he mentioned, â€Å"ships will sail around the world but the Flat Earth Society will flourish. There will continue to be wide discrepancies between price and value in the marketplace, and those who read their Graham Dodd will continue to prosper.† (Roberg G, 2005)To illustrate, we can take Berkshire Hathaway’s acquisition of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corp. in 2009 for example. At the time, shares of Burlington Northern had dropped 13 percent in 12 months. Also, the market was soft during GFC, so the possibility of competitive bids was low according to Tony Russo, a partner at Gardner Russo Gardner, which holds Berkshire shares. If efficient market hypothesis does stand, the market would rebound quickly when GFC took place, and such opportunity of relatively low-priced acquisition would not exist. Even if it exists, other investor should anticipate quick upward adjustment of price and participate in bidding when they find out about this opportunity. However, this does not prove that fundamental analysis is superior, because intrinsic value is not yet clear defined, and how does Mr Buffet calculate the intrinsic value is still a mystery. Part 3 Capital Asset Pricing Model When examining assumptions of Capital Asset Pricing Model, it is obvious that Mr Buffett is at odds with almost every one of them. Firstly, the model assumes that all investors are Markowitz efficient, but as mentioned earlier, Mr Buffett does not treat variance of expected return as an absolute drawback, so the second rule that Markowitz Efficiency must follow does not stand. Secondly, the model is backed by the assumption that investors have  homogeneous expectations and equal access to opportunities, which suggests that everyone is supposed to have the same view of future profit stream. However, as a recent paper pointed out, (Frazzini, et al., 2013)Mr Buffett’s return is largely due to his selection of stocks. If everyone has the same view with Mr Buffett and the same access to the investment opportunities, then if not everyone, a large number of people should be as rich as Mr Buffett, when the reality is the opposite. So Mr Buffett would not agree with this assumption either. The third assumption is that capital markets are in equilibrium, which is practically what only efficient markets can achieve, which, as discussed above, is not in line with Mr Buffett’s view point. The final one, which is that Capital Asset Pricing Model only works within one period time horizon, is apparently against Mr Buffett’s long-term holding strategy. Apart from model assumptions, one of the strongest contradictions between Mr Buffett’s view point and Capital Asset Pricing Model is that the model is for short-term predicting purpose, which would clearly be categorised into (Roberg G, 2005)â€Å"speculation† instead of â€Å"investment† by Mr Buffett. In addition, â€Å"market portfolio† is not of practical use, compared with Mr Buffett’s way of only analysing businesses he is familiar with, because the market portfolio we use cannot truly represent the entire market. Part 4 Multi-factor Pricing Models Unlike Capital Asset Pricing Model, which has only one factor, in Multi-factor Pricing Models, such as Arbitrage Pricing Theory and Fama-French three-factor model, the rate of return is linked to several factors. As diversification is still suggested by the model, the same divergence on diversification exists with Mr Buffet’s strategies and Multi-factor Pricing Models. Moreover, differences also lie in the fact that multi-factor models usually take in some macroeconomic factors, which investors should not consider according to Mr Buffett, (Roberg G, 2005)the rationale being that if a single stock price cannot be predicted, the overall economic condition would be more difficult to predict. Despite the differences, some micro factors included in the multi-factor model, such as P/E ratio and book-to-market ratio, can also be used to conduct fundamental analysis to determine the intrinsic value and possibility of growth of a business. As such, the ideas of which factors to take into account can coincide within the two different approaches. Chart 2(Martin Puthenpurackal, 2007) Factor Regressions of Berkshire Hathaway and Mimicking Portfolios In a paper by Gerald S. Martin and John Puthenpurackal, they conduct a regression analysis using Fama-French three-factor and Carhart four-factor models on monthly returns of Berkshire Hathaway and mimicking portfolios. (Martin Puthenpurackal, 2007)The adjusted excess returns turn out to be significant with p-values 0.024; the excess market return and high-minus-low book-to-market factors are again significant with p-values 0.01. However, small-minus-big and prior 2-12 month return momentum factors are not significantly explanatory factors. As such, preliminary conclusion can be reached that book-to-value highminus-low can be a common factor in both multi-factor models and Mr Buffett’s fundamental analysis. In addition, the factors of firm size and momentum are not likely to be considered by Mr Buffett. Also, both Berkshire’s and mimicking portfolio’s returns outperform the multi-factor models in study. (Bowen Rajgopal, 2009)But as is pointed out in another thesis, the superior performance is attributed to the earlier years and they observe no significant alpha during the recent decade. Part 5 Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model According to Berkshire Hathaway’s letter to shareholders in 2008,(Buffett, 2008)their put contracts reported a mark-to-market loss of $5.1 billion, and this led to Mr Buffett’s â€Å"criticism† towards the Black-Scholes formula as is claimed by the media. However, the loss was in fact caused by inclusion of volatility in the formula when volatility becomes irrelevant as the duration before maturity lengthens. As Mr Buffett said in the letter,(Buffett, 2008)if the formula is applied to extended time periods, it can produce absurd results. In fairness, Black and Scholes almost certainly understood this point well. But their devoted followers may be ignoring whatever caveats the two men attached when they first unveiled the formula. As such, Mr Buffett’s comment on Black-Scholes formula is more of self-criticism than the other way around. This is reflected in his earlier comment on performance in the letter,(Buffett, 2008)†I believe each contract we own was mispriced at inception, sometimes dramatically so. I both initiated these positions and monitor them, a set of responsibilities consistent with my belief that the CEO of any large financial organization must be the Chief Risk Officer as well. If we lose money on our derivatives, it will be my fault.† We can understand why Mr Buffett gave this â€Å"fair† comment about the formulae when referring to the Black-Scholes paper,(Black Scholes, 1973)†if the expiration date of the option is very far in the future, then the price of the bond that pays the exercise price on the maturity date will be very low, and the value of the option will be approximately equal to the price of the stock. â€Å" Mr Buffett also commented that (Buffett, 2008)†The Black-Scholes formula has approached the status of holy writ in finance, and we use it when valuing our equity put options for financial statements purposes. Key inputs to the calculation include a contract’s maturity and strike price, as well as the analyst’s expectations for volatility, interest rates and dividends† and that â€Å"even so, we will continue to use  Black-Scholes when we are estimating our financial-statement liability for long-term equity puts. The formula represents conventional wisdom and any substitute that I might offer would engender extreme scepticism†. Despite Mr Buffett’s confession, a scholar studied the letter and reached a different conclusion why the loss was made:(Cornell, 2009)He first ruled out risk-free rate, inflation rate and drift and focused on volatility, which is consistent with where Mr Buffett thought he made a mistake. The lognormal diffusion assumption, which implies that volatility increases linearly with respect to the horizon over which it is measured, was discussed at length with controversial evidence. As such, its misuse is not a strong explanation regarding the absurd results. He then found out in the letter that Mr Buffett believed that inflationary policies of governments and central banks will limit future declines in nominal stock prices compared with those predicted by a historically estimated lognormal distribution. If Mr Buffet is right, then the Black-Scholes model will indeed significantly overvalue long-dated put options, to which a possible solution is making the left-hand tail truncated to reduce the value of long-dated put options. Summary Throughout this essay, we have discussed the common views and divergences between Mr Buffett’s investment strategies and Modern Finance Theories. Now we summarize the main points as follows: Common views Divergences Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model Modern Portfolio Theory Efficient Market Hypothesis Capital Asset Pricing Model Multi-factor Models Chart 3 Common Views and Divergences between Modern Finance Theory and Mr Buffett’s Strategies Modern Finance Theories Modern Portfolio Theory Divergences with Warren Buffet 1. Risk Defined as Volatility 2. Short Investment Horizon 3. Diversification Efficient Market Hypothesis Capital Asset Pricing Model Reliability of Fundamental Analysis 1. Markowitz Efficient Investors 2. Homogeneous Expectation and Equal Access to Opportunities 3. Markets in Equilibrium 4. Short Investment Horizon 5. Predicting Function Leads to Speculation 6. Impractical â€Å"Market Portfolio† 7. Diversification Multi-factor Models 1. Macro Factors 2. Diversification Chart 4 Detailed Divergences between Modern Finance Theory and Mr Buffett’s Strategies Bibliography Banchuenvijit, W., 2006. Investment Philosophy of Warren E. Buffet, Bankok: The University of Thai Chamber ofCommerce. Black, F. Scholes, M., 1973. The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities. The Journal of Political Economy, 81(3), pp. 637-654. Bowen, R. M. Rajgopal, S., 2009. Do Powerful Investors Influence Accounting, Governance and Investing Decisions?, Washington D.C.: University of Washington. Buffett, W. E., 2008. Letter to Shareholders, Omaha: Berkshire Hathaway, Inc.. Cornell, B., 2009. Warren Buffet, Black-Scholes and the Valuation of Long-dated Options, Pasadena: California Institute of Technology. Davis, J., 1991. Lessons from Omaha: an Analysis of the Investment Methods and Business Philosophy of Warren Buffett, Cambridge: Cambridge University. Eugene F, F., 1970. Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of THeory and Empirical Work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), pp. 383-417. Eugene F, F. Kenneth R, F., 1992. The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Return. The Journal of Finance, XLVII(2). Markowitz, H., 1952. Portfolio Selection. The Journal of Finance, VII(1), pp. 77-91. Martin, G. S. Puthenpurackal, J., 2007. Imitation is the Sincerest Form of Flattery: Warren Buffett and Berkshire Hathaway, Reno: University of Nevada. Roberg G, H., 2005. The Warren Buffet Way. 2 ed. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, Inc.. William F, S., 1964. Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk. The Journal of Finance, 19(3), pp. 425-442.

B. F. Skinner Essay -- Behaviorism Behavior Behaviorist

B. F. Skinner Burrhus Frederic Skinner, psychologist and behaviorist, was born in Susquhanna, Pennsylvania in 1904 to William Skinner and Grace Burrhus. His father was a lawywer and his mother was a naturally bright woman. Skinner had only one sibling; his brother died at the age of sixteen. Skinner lived most of his life in Susquhanna. He did not leave the house he was born in until he left to go to college. He was raised very close to his grandparents, who had a major impact on his early life. He was also close to his parents. He and his mother and father all graduated from the same high school. This was the same school that he had attended for all twelve years of his education. Skinner attended Hamilton College at the reccomadation of a family friend. He took many different types of courses before deciding to major in English and minor in Romance Languages. Skinner felt that he did not fit in at college. He disliked the fraterninty that he had joined and he did not understand why the college required the courses that it did. He felt that he was made to take too much physical education and not enough emphasis was place on actual academics. The summer before his senior year he attended the Middlebury School of English at Breadloaf, Vermont. During this summer he had lunch with Robert Frost. Frost asked to see his work and gave Skinner a lot of enfouragemant. This led him to the decision to become a writer. Skinner's father was not happy with this decision. He has hoped that his son would become a lawywer, like himself. His father eventually agreed to his decision, and Skinner moved back home to start his new career. He built himself an office in his parents' house where he could write. He was to try to be a writer ... ...ology of literature. She listened to him and gave him advice on his lectures. In the next ten years, he wrote three books all having to do with the psychology of literature. Yvonne and Skinner had two daughters, Julie and Deborah. It was the birth of their second child taht inspired one of Skinner's inventions. He invented the "baby box" to ease the burdens of chilcare for his wife. The box is still used today, but is not so widespread because changes in childacare are hard to make. Another of his most famous endeavors was "project pigion." This was an experiment designed to teach pigions to guide missles in the 1930's. B. F. Skinner died in 1990. He is stilled looked upon today as one of the most influential behaviorailists. His work is still studied and revered for it's genius. Skinner was an independent thinker who studied everyone, including himself. B. F. Skinner Essay -- Behaviorism Behavior Behaviorist B. F. Skinner Burrhus Frederic Skinner, psychologist and behaviorist, was born in Susquhanna, Pennsylvania in 1904 to William Skinner and Grace Burrhus. His father was a lawywer and his mother was a naturally bright woman. Skinner had only one sibling; his brother died at the age of sixteen. Skinner lived most of his life in Susquhanna. He did not leave the house he was born in until he left to go to college. He was raised very close to his grandparents, who had a major impact on his early life. He was also close to his parents. He and his mother and father all graduated from the same high school. This was the same school that he had attended for all twelve years of his education. Skinner attended Hamilton College at the reccomadation of a family friend. He took many different types of courses before deciding to major in English and minor in Romance Languages. Skinner felt that he did not fit in at college. He disliked the fraterninty that he had joined and he did not understand why the college required the courses that it did. He felt that he was made to take too much physical education and not enough emphasis was place on actual academics. The summer before his senior year he attended the Middlebury School of English at Breadloaf, Vermont. During this summer he had lunch with Robert Frost. Frost asked to see his work and gave Skinner a lot of enfouragemant. This led him to the decision to become a writer. Skinner's father was not happy with this decision. He has hoped that his son would become a lawywer, like himself. His father eventually agreed to his decision, and Skinner moved back home to start his new career. He built himself an office in his parents' house where he could write. He was to try to be a writer ... ...ology of literature. She listened to him and gave him advice on his lectures. In the next ten years, he wrote three books all having to do with the psychology of literature. Yvonne and Skinner had two daughters, Julie and Deborah. It was the birth of their second child taht inspired one of Skinner's inventions. He invented the "baby box" to ease the burdens of chilcare for his wife. The box is still used today, but is not so widespread because changes in childacare are hard to make. Another of his most famous endeavors was "project pigion." This was an experiment designed to teach pigions to guide missles in the 1930's. B. F. Skinner died in 1990. He is stilled looked upon today as one of the most influential behaviorailists. His work is still studied and revered for it's genius. Skinner was an independent thinker who studied everyone, including himself.

Think Like A Man

Think like A Man Battle of the Sexes Think like a Man: Battle of the Sexes â€Å"Don't hate the player, change the game†, this influential quote in Steve Harvers book starts a battle of the sexes in four relationships when the women read it in the movie Think like a Man (2012). The movie exploits different dating stereotypes that lead to conflict and upset the balance of power in romantic relationships. The types of power and different communication climates are all different in reach relationship because of how Steve Harvey says, in his book, to deal with each stereotype the women are dealing with.The women are all willing to listen to Harvey because he has expert power, and was endorsed by Opera which in a way almost gives him designated power as well. They learn how to deal with â€Å"non-committers†, â€Å"dreamers†, â€Å"players†, and â€Å"mama's boys†. However, when the men learn about this book and start to fght back with plays of their own , conflicts arise that can only be resolved with Meta communication rather than strategy. The first battle between the â€Å"non-committer† Jeremy and the â€Å"girl who wants the ring† Kristin begins when Kristin reads that she must â€Å"demand† a proposal in order to get one.They have been dating for seven years so in order to get what she wants Kristin uses the intimacy power she has over Jeremy by forcing him to get rid of his childish collection that he loves. Throughout this conflict Kristin uses disagreeing messages in order to express that she feels Jeremy should grow up. For example, when Kristin redecorates she makes an assertive statement by saying the couch needs to go. Then, as Jeremy refuses to agree she become aggressive as she accents her argument with gestures and a louder tone while reminding him his aunt peed all over it last Christmas.When Jeremy starts to read the book he realizes that he is going to have to present himself as growing up in order to make Kristin happy with him. He does this at first by structuring the conversations to avoid the topic of work, yet later loses control and lies to Kristin about putting in the resume at Neversoft. When Kristin realizes Jeremy nad betrayed ner trust and lied to ner sne moves in witn a triend and practices encounter avoidance in order to suppress her feelings towards Jeremy.After a moment of realization, Jeremy then comes to Kristin when she cannot avoid him and pologizes, he came to the compromise of finally proposing to Kristin in order to her back in his life. Their relationship highlights the natural tendency of progression in interpersonal relationships and the importance of recognition as a couple in the bonding stage. The next battle is between Dominic â€Å"the dreamer† and Lauren â€Å"the woman who is her own man†. Lauren has been unable to find love because she is caught in the emotional fallacy of should when it comes to her men.Whereas Dominic has had trouble finding women who are willing to believe in his dreams and ower their financial expectations in a boyfriend. Lauren first falls for Dominic because he presented himself as a wealthy, successful chef and she saw many tangible rewards in a relationship with him. Steve Harvey warns successful women that they don't need a man to be equal to them in power in order to be happy. So, on their first date the topic of work was avoided by both parties so they would not scare each other away from a relationship.However when Lauren realizes Dominic is a waiter at her company's event her expectations contradicted reality and she became uninterested. Dominic becomes upset when Lauren becomes very impersonal when terminating the relationship which makes Lauren realize that in order to have a deep connection you need intimate meta-communication to make it work. Only after a date with a successful business man does Lauren realize she needed a man that was complementary to her, not simila r and finally makes that clear when disclosing to Dominic her feelings about him.Their relationship highlights the importance of emotional rewards in interpersonal relationships and how the fallacy of perfection can ruin perceptions of significant others. In the battle between Maya â€Å"the 90-day rule girl† and Zeke â€Å"the player† Zeke believes he is in control because of his referent power that he typically has with women. However, because she had gotten her feelings hurt by men like Chris Brown's character who have slept with her yet did not know her name, Maya truly was winning the battle because she had reward power by making Zeke wait 90 days before getting â€Å"the cookie†.These two very different dating stereotypes created the largest clash of power when it came to goals of the relationship. Maya's unwillingness to sleep with Zeke until the 90 days were up made im work harder to figure out the compromise in this situation. Once Zeke gets a hold of t he â€Å"playbook† he realizes that he has to play the part of a loving boyfriend, without realizing that he actually is becoming one. When those â€Å"three magic words† slip out he is no longer Just practicing face work of a boyfriend he actually means it and in return, Maya compromises and â€Å"lets the cookie out of the Jar†.Zeke had been using strategy in order to get what he wanted from Maya, and when she found that out she was hurt because he betrayed the intimacy power she had given him. In rder to fix the problem he needed to be honest about his feelings towards Maya and regain her trust by taking on the role of a serious boyfriend. Their relationship highlights the importance that trust, specifically when it comes to not betraying intimacy, has in maintaining interpersonal relationships.In the battle between â€Å"single mom† Candice and â€Å"mama's boy' Michael there is a lot of outside influence on their relationship. Their conflicts occur when the balance between internal and external dialectical tensions arise. Michael succeeds in the tlrst test when ne is willing to include Candice's son Duke in their activities. However, tensions rise when Michael's mom is unwilling to be nice to Candice and that mother-son relationship seems out of the norm for Candice.She is intimidated by the idea that Michael is so close to his mother and that is why she does not like Candice, this is the fallacy of approval. It is upsetting for Candice that his mother has coercive power over Michael that is allowing him to put Candice in second place behind his mother. Once Michael reads the book and his friends point out to him, even though he is in denial, that he is the â€Å"mama's boy' chapter, Candice starts reappraising her thoughts because they eemed irrational once he changed his mother's caller id in his phone.She started to rationalize the unsettling feelings she had about the mama's boy until she answered his phone one day and fo und out that Michael was lying. In order to get Candice back, Michael needed to show in a big gesture that Candice was the number one women in his life. Their relationship highlights the importance of being a priority to another personal in an interpersonal relationship. The movie Think like a Man expresses dating stereotypes that lead to conflict in romantic relationships. These ifferent stereotypes result in different types of power within the relationships.Kristin and Jeremy highlight the importance of progression in a relationship and the effect of compromise when it comes to meta-communication about the future. Dominic and Lauren explain the concepts of complimentary attraction to others and how expectations and reality often clash while there is conflict in the relationship. Zeke and Maya are examples of the importance of commitment and communication about values of the relationship; they also highlight the necessity of honesty in a erious relationship through meta-communicati on.Candice and Michael represent the struggle between internal and external influences on a relationship and the importance of balancing priorities in interpersonal relationships. All conflict came from dating stereotypes and was influenced by the linear communication model of Steve Harvey's book. This movie is a representation of communication flaws that occur in interpersonal romantic relationships, and the appropriate, effective and ethical ways of reaching a compromise despite all outside influences and stereotypes. Think Like A Man Think like A Man Battle of the Sexes Think like a Man: Battle of the Sexes â€Å"Don't hate the player, change the game†, this influential quote in Steve Harvers book starts a battle of the sexes in four relationships when the women read it in the movie Think like a Man (2012). The movie exploits different dating stereotypes that lead to conflict and upset the balance of power in romantic relationships. The types of power and different communication climates are all different in reach relationship because of how Steve Harvey says, in his book, to deal with each stereotype the women are dealing with.The women are all willing to listen to Harvey because he has expert power, and was endorsed by Opera which in a way almost gives him designated power as well. They learn how to deal with â€Å"non-committers†, â€Å"dreamers†, â€Å"players†, and â€Å"mama's boys†. However, when the men learn about this book and start to fght back with plays of their own , conflicts arise that can only be resolved with Meta communication rather than strategy. The first battle between the â€Å"non-committer† Jeremy and the â€Å"girl who wants the ring† Kristin begins when Kristin reads that she must â€Å"demand† a proposal in order to get one.They have been dating for seven years so in order to get what she wants Kristin uses the intimacy power she has over Jeremy by forcing him to get rid of his childish collection that he loves. Throughout this conflict Kristin uses disagreeing messages in order to express that she feels Jeremy should grow up. For example, when Kristin redecorates she makes an assertive statement by saying the couch needs to go. Then, as Jeremy refuses to agree she become aggressive as she accents her argument with gestures and a louder tone while reminding him his aunt peed all over it last Christmas.When Jeremy starts to read the book he realizes that he is going to have to present himself as growing up in order to make Kristin happy with him. He does this at first by structuring the conversations to avoid the topic of work, yet later loses control and lies to Kristin about putting in the resume at Neversoft. When Kristin realizes Jeremy nad betrayed ner trust and lied to ner sne moves in witn a triend and practices encounter avoidance in order to suppress her feelings towards Jeremy.After a moment of realization, Jeremy then comes to Kristin when she cannot avoid him and pologizes, he came to the compromise of finally proposing to Kristin in order to her back in his life. Their relationship highlights the natural tendency of progression in interpersonal relationships and the importance of recognition as a couple in the bonding stage. The next battle is between Dominic â€Å"the dreamer† and Lauren â€Å"the woman who is her own man†. Lauren has been unable to find love because she is caught in the emotional fallacy of should when it comes to her men.Whereas Dominic has had trouble finding women who are willing to believe in his dreams and ower their financial expectations in a boyfriend. Lauren first falls for Dominic because he presented himself as a wealthy, successful chef and she saw many tangible rewards in a relationship with him. Steve Harvey warns successful women that they don't need a man to be equal to them in power in order to be happy. So, on their first date the topic of work was avoided by both parties so they would not scare each other away from a relationship.However when Lauren realizes Dominic is a waiter at her company's event her expectations contradicted reality and she became uninterested. Dominic becomes upset when Lauren becomes very impersonal when terminating the relationship which makes Lauren realize that in order to have a deep connection you need intimate meta-communication to make it work. Only after a date with a successful business man does Lauren realize she needed a man that was complementary to her, not simila r and finally makes that clear when disclosing to Dominic her feelings about him.Their relationship highlights the importance of emotional rewards in interpersonal relationships and how the fallacy of perfection can ruin perceptions of significant others. In the battle between Maya â€Å"the 90-day rule girl† and Zeke â€Å"the player† Zeke believes he is in control because of his referent power that he typically has with women. However, because she had gotten her feelings hurt by men like Chris Brown's character who have slept with her yet did not know her name, Maya truly was winning the battle because she had reward power by making Zeke wait 90 days before getting â€Å"the cookie†.These two very different dating stereotypes created the largest clash of power when it came to goals of the relationship. Maya's unwillingness to sleep with Zeke until the 90 days were up made im work harder to figure out the compromise in this situation. Once Zeke gets a hold of t he â€Å"playbook† he realizes that he has to play the part of a loving boyfriend, without realizing that he actually is becoming one. When those â€Å"three magic words† slip out he is no longer Just practicing face work of a boyfriend he actually means it and in return, Maya compromises and â€Å"lets the cookie out of the Jar†.Zeke had been using strategy in order to get what he wanted from Maya, and when she found that out she was hurt because he betrayed the intimacy power she had given him. In rder to fix the problem he needed to be honest about his feelings towards Maya and regain her trust by taking on the role of a serious boyfriend. Their relationship highlights the importance that trust, specifically when it comes to not betraying intimacy, has in maintaining interpersonal relationships.In the battle between â€Å"single mom† Candice and â€Å"mama's boy' Michael there is a lot of outside influence on their relationship. Their conflicts occur when the balance between internal and external dialectical tensions arise. Michael succeeds in the tlrst test when ne is willing to include Candice's son Duke in their activities. However, tensions rise when Michael's mom is unwilling to be nice to Candice and that mother-son relationship seems out of the norm for Candice.She is intimidated by the idea that Michael is so close to his mother and that is why she does not like Candice, this is the fallacy of approval. It is upsetting for Candice that his mother has coercive power over Michael that is allowing him to put Candice in second place behind his mother. Once Michael reads the book and his friends point out to him, even though he is in denial, that he is the â€Å"mama's boy' chapter, Candice starts reappraising her thoughts because they eemed irrational once he changed his mother's caller id in his phone.She started to rationalize the unsettling feelings she had about the mama's boy until she answered his phone one day and fo und out that Michael was lying. In order to get Candice back, Michael needed to show in a big gesture that Candice was the number one women in his life. Their relationship highlights the importance of being a priority to another personal in an interpersonal relationship. The movie Think like a Man expresses dating stereotypes that lead to conflict in romantic relationships. These ifferent stereotypes result in different types of power within the relationships.Kristin and Jeremy highlight the importance of progression in a relationship and the effect of compromise when it comes to meta-communication about the future. Dominic and Lauren explain the concepts of complimentary attraction to others and how expectations and reality often clash while there is conflict in the relationship. Zeke and Maya are examples of the importance of commitment and communication about values of the relationship; they also highlight the necessity of honesty in a erious relationship through meta-communicati on.Candice and Michael represent the struggle between internal and external influences on a relationship and the importance of balancing priorities in interpersonal relationships. All conflict came from dating stereotypes and was influenced by the linear communication model of Steve Harvey's book. This movie is a representation of communication flaws that occur in interpersonal romantic relationships, and the appropriate, effective and ethical ways of reaching a compromise despite all outside influences and stereotypes.